June 2015: UK 286 to 1899 research

UK 286 – 1899

0000 – Jesus Christ was born and lived

AD 286-388 – The coin minting industry. The main official coin mint was in London where coins were produced between AD 286 and AD 324 and between AD 383 and AD 388. Coins were minted in London during the rule of Roman Carausius, who ruled Britain between AD 286 and AD 293. The Roman occupation of Britain. (History Today. May 2014 UK).

History – Phoenicians, North Africans in Roman times, traded tin with Cornwall and Wales. Immigrants, the Phoenicians came to Wales and Cornwall to trade, thousands of years ago. (The people detective. ©2001 T McGregor UK)

541 – Justinian I abandoned plans to conquer Gaul and Britain, after the Plague strikes Constantinople. (ehistory timeline).

Late 8^th century – Viking raids on the British isles began , rape, plunder and looting. (History today. Feb 2014 p8).

888 – Saftesbury abbey in Dorset, was 15 miles from Witon, a rich nunnery founded in 888 by Alfred the great, whose daughter Ethelgifu was the first abbess. (The Bayeaux tapestry. Jan Messent ©2010 UK).

962-1051 – Hampshire nunnery, was 10 miles north of Winchester and Wherwell abbey near Andover was founded in 962 by Queen Elfthryth, wife of King Edgar. The abbess of Wherwell was the sister of King Edward the Confessor in the year 1051, for a while Queen Emma went to stay at Wherwell abbey. (The Bayeaux tapestry. Jan Messent ©2010 UK).

1002-1052 – Edward the Confessor’s mother was Queen Emma. She was daughter of Richard I count of Normandy and sister to Count Richard II. She married King Alfred of England in 1002. Edward was born in 1005 after the death of Alfred in 1016. Queen Emma married his conquerer. The Danish Krecnut. Edward became King in 1042. Emma died in 1052. (The Bayeaux tapestry. Jan Messent ©2010 UK).

23 April 1014 – Good Friday battle of Clontarf, a war in Irish history, Vikings. Medieval Ireland. (History Today. May 2014 UK).

1042-1066 – The Coronation of King Edward the Confessor in 1042. Before assuming the throne, Edward spent 24 years in exile in Normandy. Edwards death was on 5 January 1066. Harold was then crowned King at Westminster Abbey. (History’s greatest hits. Joseph Cummins ©2007)

1066 – Arrival of William I of Normandy, William the Conquerer in the UK. He had an entourage from the Normandy’s French Jewish community as financiers to his court. (My ancestors were Jewish. ©2008 Antony Joseph UK)

1066 – The time of the Norman conquest. There were six nunneries in Wessex Abbesses had Royal connections. Anglo Saxon women embroidered the Bayeux tapestry. (The Bayeux tapestry. Jan Messent ©2010 UK).

1066 – The Bayeux tapestry was an embroidered wall hanging made in England, in the years following the Norman conquest of 1066. In 1066 the battle of Hastings. In 1064 the conflict between the Earl Harold of Wessex and Duke William of Normandy.(The Bayeux tapestry. Jan Messent ©2010 UK).

1066 – The Norman conquest after the battle of Hastings in 1066 caused many changes. British history. (History today. Sept 2013 UK).

1066 – The surname Pryor originated after they first arrived in England, the Norman conquest in 1066. Pryor derives from the olde English pre 7^th century Prior, who was a monastic official under an Abbot.

14 October 1066 – The Anglo Saxons had controlled England since the 5^th century. After migrating there from Scandinavia or Germany. They were faced with a mass invasion of their lands by the Normans from northern France, who intended to stay. The Normans had emerged as a regional power. (History’s greatest hits. Joseph Cummins ©2007)

1070 – Wessex nunneries in 1070. The heads of the nunneries were rich, of noble or Royal birth. Few records exist about Anglo Saxon nunneries at the time of the Norman conquest in 1070. Ten nunneries existed in England, all of them in the south and six of them in Wessex, a seventh was in Essex near London. (The Bayeaux tapestry. Jan Messent ©2010 UK).

1096 – Norwich, Norfolk cathedral was begun. (Who do you think you are. May 2013 UK).

11^th century – Candles made of tallow, or beeswax candles for churches. Needles were precious. Flax plant for linen. Spun on a spindle making a fine thread. Anglo Saxon women spun both flax and wool. Weaving looms. (The Bayeaux tapestry. Jan Messent ©2010 UK).

11^th century – Archives and records at the Norfolk records office. Collections date from the 11^th century. More than 700 parish churches. (Who do you think you are. May 2013 UK).

1133-1215 – The Plantagenets were a noble family and rulers of England since 1133. John was born on Christmas eve 1166. The youngest of eight children of Eleanor of Aquitaine and King Henry II of England. Richard died in 1199 and John was crowned king. (History’s greatest hits. Joseph Cummins ©2007)

1139 – 1899 – A list of high sheriffs of Cornwall inscriptions UK (Family tree. Sept 2010)

19 Dec 1154 – King Henry II of England was crowned. (Chch Star NZ today in history 19 Dec 2014).

1164-1195 – Useful archives. Henry II in 1164 said a copy of documents should be placed in the Royal archives. It was only in 1195 under the Archbishop of Canterbury, Hubert Walter, that records were created to be kept for archival purposes. (Archives power. Randall C Jimeson (c)2009 US).

1194 – 2015 – The West Yorkshire archive service WYAS. Material from 1194 to the present day. (Who do you think you are. May 2014 UK).

4 Feb 1194 – 100,000 ransom was paid for Richard I King of England. (Chch Star NZ. Today in history. 4 Feb 2015).

25 March 1199 – Richard I, Lion Heart, King of England was wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting France. This lead to his death on 6 April 1199. (Chch Star NZ. Today in history. 25 March 2015).

12^th century – Nottingham archives. 4 million documents dating back to the 12^th century. (Who do you think you are. May 2013 UK).

12^th century – Family tree DNA. Collection of medieval administration records in Exeter city archives date back to the 12^th century. Records of ecclesiastical parishes, estates and chapels. Devon, archives to county Devon and the city of Exeter. (Who do you think you are. May 2013 UK).

1204 – Norfolk Kings Lynn Borough archives. Royal charters from 1204 deeds and Acts from the 13^th century. (Who do you think you are.May 2013 UK).

1205 – Roger Priur. Curia Regis rolls of Suffolk during the reign of King John.

1213 – The crown resigned to the Pope’s legate by King John in 1213. From History of England.

January 1215 – Nobles and Barons gathered at a secret meeting at Dunmow castle in Essex, the home of Lord Robert Fitzwalter, Earls and Bishops. Ruler of the realm was King John. Heavy taxes and the Magna Carta. (History’s greatest hits. Joseph Cummins ©2007).

1247 – Inmates in mental prisons like Bethlem in London in 1247. It was once a monastery. At Bedlam inmates were chained and naked. Corruption, lies and jealousy in the files. Poor laws and workhouses. Prisons and the vagrancy of paupers. Rapes, murders and tortures. (Who do you think you are. July 2014 UK).

1258-1317 – 1258, Bury st Edmunds, records a famine that year, people were starving. Floods the previous year, many people died of hunger. A later famine from 1315 to 1317, Albans abbey. (History Today. June 2013 UK).

1314 – The Battle of Bannockburn. Robert the Bruce and King Edward II of Scotland. (Who do you think you are. July 2014 UK).

1314 – Bruce’s victory at Bannockburn in 1314 and Scotland’s independence from England. (History today. Sept 2013 UK).

1320 – The Peerage.com. Darrel Lundy’s website. Britain and the Royal families of Europe. The declaration of Arbroath was signed by 51 magnates and nobles in 1320 at Arbroath abbey in Scotland. (Who do you think you are. May 2014 UK).

1320 – Electronic recordkeeping. The church and Roman methods of recordkeeping. Monasteries. Archival findings and keepers of the records. Libraries of books and catalogs. In 1320 the White chapel in the tower of London became a centrral archive under thje King's control. Royal archives. (Archives power. Randall C Jimerson (c)2009 US).

1337 – In Cornwall where our Pryor ancestors lived, the Pryor name is mentioned in Cornwall as far back as 1337, when a Nicholas Prior is mentioned. Dutchy of Cornwall.

13th century – Before the Middle Ages people had only one name. It was only in the 13^th century that surnames began to be used in England. We call unmarried women spinsters, because they earned their living by spinning wool. A major source of British wealth in the Middle Ages. (How to trace your family tree. Anness pub ltd ©2005).

13^th century – Every woman knew how to spin and weave. Carders of wool. Spinning on a drop spindle and plied, use for embroidery too. Laidwork is a technique used on the Bayeaux tapestry crewel wool lambswool thread for laidwork crewel and linen. (The Bayeaux tapestry. Jan Messent ©2010 UK).

17 Oct 1346 – Battle of Neviller Cross. King David II of Scotland was seized by Edward III of England at Calais and jailed for 11 years in the Tower of London. (Chch Star NZ 17 Oct 2014 p20).

1350 – Forces war records, UK military records from 1350. (Who do you think you are. p59 May 2013 UK).

1377 – The Gatehouse at Thornton abbey in North Lincolnshire is a good example. The oldest bricks in England are the ones left behind by the Romans, until the 13th century the only bricks used in England were recycled Roman bricks. From the late 13^th century bricks were made in England . (Practical family history. December 2009).

1377-1381 – Poll tax of 1377 along with those of Richard II in 1379 and 1381. (Family tree. Dec 2009 p38).

1377-1381 – The poll tax records those of Richard II also in 1379 and 1381 sources of tax info. The paper trail. (Practical family history. December 2009)

1398-1558 – A staple, or corporation, in the UK. Smuggling and evading tax. The Staple went to Calais in 1398. In the 12^th century the first wool staple was formed. Then in 1558 Calais were recaptured by France and the Staple declined. 15^th century spinners and weavers on the Moors in West Riding. (Knitting. Joanna MacDonald ©1962 UK).

14^th century – The war with France caused the tax on the export of wool, then there was the Black Death, which killed many people, there were less people for sheep farming. (Knitting. Joanna MacDonald ©1962 UK).

14^th century – Norfolk was the most densely populated and intensely farmed region in England. Norwich was the second largest city in England, before the industrial revolution. (Who do you think you are. May 2013 UK).

1430-1930 – Photo of the dining hall at Holborn Union Workhouse in Mitcham Surrey in 1896. p49. Jonathan Scott. www.workhouse.org.uk The workhouse system for inmates. Poor law union gazette 1430 to 1930 database. Poor law abstracts London. 20,000 names, search “poor law” for the crimes of poverty. (Who do you think you are. Sept 2013 UK).

1461 – Remains were found. In 1998 a mass grave with the skeletons of 40 bodies, victims of the battle of 1461were unearthed during building work at Towton in Yorkshire. (History today. Sept 2013 UK).

1471 – The young Earl of Richmond was nearly 15 years old in 1471. His uncle, Jasper Tudor took him out of Wales, where the Crown had fallen to Yorkist Edward VI. (History Today. April 2013 UK).

1471 – The battle fought at Tewkesburg in 1471 was a key to the Gloucestershire town. The Tewkesburg battle field society. (History today. Sept 2013 UK).

1485 – Henry Tudor’s seizure of the English throne in 1485. (History Today. April 2013 UK.

1485-1509 – Land tax in the feet of fines medieval genealogy UK (Family tree. Sept 2010)

1490-1951 – Albert Montefiore Hyamson. The Sephardin of England. The study of the Spanish and Portuguese Jewish community. London reprint 1991.

1491 – Early in 1491 Charles VIII invaded Brittany. (History Today. April 2013 UK).

4 March 1492 – King James IV of Scotland sided with France against England. (Today in history. Chch Star NZ. 4 March 2015).

1500 – JE Doherty. DJ Hickey. A chronology of Irish history since 1500. Dublin. Gill and Macmillan 1989.

1500-1700 – How to read local archives. FG Emmison. London Historical association 1967.

15^th century – Archives, Arley hall estate, the Warburton family and Cheshire estate. Arley hall is near Northwich and has been home to the Warburton family since the 15^th century. The present (2013), owner is Viscount Ashbrook. History records of names of the poor in Aston parish, poverty. (Who do you think you are. May 2013 UK).

15^th to 18^th century – The change to English style surnames began with the gentry. So occupation surnames did not appear as England changed to surnames. (Practical family history. August 2009)

9 Sept 1513 – The battle of Flodden. Scotland lost her King, losses in the battle a mystery. Flodden in 1513. Henry VIII, James IV and the battle for Renaissance Britain, which was a Scottish tragedy. (History today. Sept 2013 UK).

1516-1940 – Wills indexes Origins.net Over 400years of Oxfordshire and Chester wills online, probate records. The bulk of the collection pre dates civil registration. www.origins.net (Who do you think you are. May 2013 UK).

1527 – John Hawkyns signed a contract for the import of African slaves into the Canary islands. They were re exported to the West Indies or sold into slavery on the islands. (UK Slave trafficking. Nick Hazlewood ©2004).

1528 – At St Neot in Cornwall a saints life is told in a series of painted glass windows a nave made in 1528, stags ploughing. The holy hermit Robert of Knaresborogh. Saints Cadog and Deiniol and Saint Kea. (The secret Middle Ages Medieval. Malcolm Jones ©2002 UK).

1531-1598 – Record keepers. Laws were anti poor people, punishing beggars and women with illegitimate children, branding them, whipping them and jailing them. The poor houses, prisons and orphans. (Detectives of genealogy. Kathy Chater. Anness ©2005 UK).

18 March 1532 – The British parliament banned payments by the English Catholic clergy to Rome Italy. (Chch Star NZ. Today in history. 18 March 2015).

16 May 1532 – Sir Thomas More became Lord chancellor of England. (Wikipedia 16 May 2015).

1534 – England broke with Rome and set up the Church of England. Until the reform of the early 16^th century the Roman Catholic church was the State religion. (Detectives of genealogy. Kathy Chater Anness ©2005 UK).

16 Jan 1535 – Henry VIII declared himself head of the church in England. (Chch Star NZ. Today in history 16 Jan 2015).

7 Jan 1536 – Catherine of Aragon, first wife of British King Edward VIII died aged 50. (Chch Star NZ. Today in history. 7 Jan 2015).

1538 – During the reign of Henry VIII there were records of baptisms, marriages and burials for each parish. (Who do you think you are. Sept 2013 UK).

1538 – Archives Parish registers were introduced. (Practical family history. December 2009)

1538 – Henry VIII decreed that each of 11,000 UK parishes should keep registers of baptisms, marriages and burials of its inhabitants from 1538 onwards. Few survive before 1558, when they started being kept on sheepskin instead of paper and even fewer survive before the 1600’s. From 1598 annual copies were made and sent to local bishops. (Tracing your family history. Anthony Adolph ©2007).

1538 – Archives. Parish registers were introduced in 1538. (Practical family history. December 2009)

1538-1546 – Monarchs feared anonymity. In 1538 the first licensing law was introduced, for all books to be approved by a royal nominee. This attitude towards anonymous publications was the same throughout the ages. Henry VIII said in 1546 that printers must include their name, the name of the printer, and the date of printing on every book. (Hacking the future. ©2012 US. C Stryker).

1538-1600 – Parish registers. Baptisms, christenings, marriage and burials. The Anglican church. 1538 but few survive from before 1600, many registers are missing or incomplete. Bishops transcripts were also kept. (Family history monthly. August 2003 p5).

1538-1837 – Marsham parish registers, searchable online. (Who do you think you are. May 2013 UK).

1538-1837 – The parish registers of Marsham, a parish 10 miles north of Norwich, baptisms, marriages and burials recorded. (Who do you think you are. May 2013 UK).

1538 – 1838 – Parish registers baptisms, marriages and burials were the main source until 1838. Many have not survived. They were baptisms, not births and burials not deaths. (The people detective. ©2001 T McGregor UK)

1538-1897 – Wiltshire history, church records, ancestry UK. The county’s 327 parishes and 3,300 Quaker records . (Who do you think you are. May 2013 UK).

1538-2005 – Archival material has been identified. Find my past. The UK’s largest parish records collection. (Who do you think you are. May 2014 UK).

1538-2015 – National burial index with 5 million archives. (Who do you think you are. May 2013 UK).

28 Jan 1547 – Nine year old Edward VI succeeds Henry VIII as King of England. Henry VIII King of England dies aged 55. (1509-1547). (Chch Star NZ. Today in history 28 Jan 2015).

20 Feb 1547 – King Edward VI took the throne, after the death of Henry VIII. (Chch Star NZ. Today in history 20 Feb 2015).

Late 1500s to 1759 – The Bodleian library at Oxford was set up by Sir Thomas Bodley in the late 1500s. Today it remains as a UK library. The library of the British museum, the city’s largest, was set up in 1759. (A history of info storage and retrieval. Foster Stockwell ©2001 US).

1550 – 1920 – Family history Scotland Trade me $20 DVD’s Scottish reference library of books on DVD.

1551-1585 – Parish records. Abraham Bussey was born in 1585 in Newhaven Sussex. He was the son of Sir John Bussy, sheriff of Lincoln, who was born in 1551 in Lincolnshire. He married Elizabeth Poole. The Newhaven register in 1553. (Who do you think you are. Sept 2013 UK p43).

12 Nov 1555 – The English parliament re established Catholicism. (Today in history. Chch Star NZ. 12 Nov 2014).

1558 – Queen Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558 and the church of England was established. She was aged 27 in 1559. Piracy and documents, the slave trade, and the British empire. (Empires children. ©2009 Anton Gill).

1558 – England’s severance from Europe, followed the rejection of Papal authority and the loss of Calais in 1558. (Today in History. April 2013 UK).

1558-1598 – In 1598 registers were to be written on parchment, not paper. Parchment registers. Queen Elizabeth I in 1558. (Who do you think you are. Sept 2013 UK).

1560s – The Canary islands, 67 miles off the coast of Africa. 16^th century 1560s, thousands of African slaves were purchased on the Cape Verde islands and used by the Spanish . (UK Slave trafficking. Nick Hazelwood ©2004).

1562-1618 – Between 1562 and 1568 John Hawkyns was responsible for shipping 1,500 to 2,000 slaves from Guinea to the Caribbean. John Hawkyns was the Queens personal slave trader 1575. In 1618 the Queens successor James I shipping slaves from Guinea and Benin to supply slaves for tobacco plantations n Virginia. (UK Slave trafficking. Nick Hazelwood ©2004).

Sept 1562 – Bubonic plague. The black death laid waste to London. 3,000 people were dying every week, more than a quarter of the city’s population died. 21,530 corpses in 121 parishes in London. (UK slave trafficking. Nick Hazlewood ©2004).

1567-1685 – The Huguenots were French protestants, who came to England soon after Protestantism became illegal in France in 1685. They overlap with the Wallooon refugees, who fled the Spanish Netherlands in 1567. (Who do you think you are. May 2014 UK).

May 1568-Nov 1569 – In Nov 1569 A Catholic earl in the north of England rebelled and in May 1568 Mary Stuart Queen of the Scots fled to Elizabeth for protection. (UK Slave trafficking. Nick Hazelwood ©2004).

16 May 1568 – Mary Queen of Scots fled to England. (Wikipedia 16 May 2015).

1569 to 1738 – Archeological dig up of 3,000 skeletons at a London site. Victims of the plague from a mass grave. Ancient skeletons. Bedlam ground was used. Bedlam Royal hospital, the worlds oldest mental prison. (MSN news. AFP. Care2. 11 March 2015).

12 Jan 1569 – The Cornish coast of southwest England, Mounts bay Cornwall. The “Minion”. After being in Mexico. 12 African slaves were hungry, scared and chained down. (UK slave trafficking. Nick Hazelwood ©2004).

Feb 1570 – Pope Pius IV issued an excommunication against Queen Elizabeth calling for her to be deposed. A papal spy, Roburto Ridolfi moved to London, a foreign banker. (UK Slave trafficking. Nick Hazelwood ©2004).

1575 – A will written by a slave was invalid. The legal system. Documented or known. Poor means underclass. Houses of correction or jail were established in 1575. They held the homeless, and unmarried mothers. People accused of being crazy, vanished from so called “society”. Records of mental prisons and hospitals are secret for a hundred years. (The people detective. Tom McGregor ©1996 UK).

1575 – 1834 – UK prisons by the 13^th century were to hold debtors, as prisons were established in 1575. They held the homeless and unmarried mothers, workhouses, mental prisons and the poor. The result is they vanish from society, poor people in mental prisons, hospitals and workhouses for the poor. Records are closed for 100 years for these workhouses. The poor law amendment act of 1834, poor people, paupers under a workhouse, out of sight out of mind. (The people detective. ©2001 T McGregor UK).

11 June 1583 – Mining specialists on ships. Silver and gold was reported. The fleet left Cawsand bay Cornwall on 11 June 1583 Raleigh’s ship had to turn back to the UK for supplies. Mining equipment and supplies. Mission pursuit of minerals Humphrey Gilbert ship. (Lost explorers. Ed Wright UK no date).

8 February 1587 – Mary Stuart Queen of Scots was beheaded at Fotheringham castle, after spending 19 years as a prisoner of Elizabeth I. (Practical family history. February 2010).

1590 – The trial of a north Berwick coven of about 70 witches, who were accused of planning to harm James IV and his wife, by raging a storm. (Who do you think you are. Sept 2013 UK).

1592 – In May 1582 Francis Walsingham intercepted mail from the Spanish ambassador to the UK. Bernardio de Mendoza. Elizabeth I and Mary Queen of Scots. (BBC Anthony Zurcher 1 Nov 2013).

1593 – There was a severe outbreak of the Plague in London in 1593. (History today. July 2014 p14).

16^th century – Sexton map of Norfolk 1574. Norfolk record offices collects archives. (Who do you think you are. May 2013 UK).

16^th century – Canterbury UK register, east Kent parish records. Find My Past. The Cathedral city. Dates back to the 16^th century. (Who do you think you are. May 2013 UK).

1600 – Sarah Atkinson was descended from the Atkinson’s of Cangert who were sent by Queen Elizabeth to set up plantations in Ireland in 1600. (The NZ Genealogist. May June 2009 ).

1600 – The Government system of bureaucratic corruption. To judge who was allowed welfare and who was not. The paperwork created, was often lies. Orphans, illegitimate children were abandoned, poor orphans. Need for lawyers, yet denied lawyers. Until 1600 the crown held the property of orphans and the crown arranged their marriages. Workhouse where they died. (Detectives of genealogy. Kathy Chater Anness ©2005 UK).

1600s – Clocks did not have minute or second hands until the 1600s. (History today. Feb 2014).

1600-1900 – Three hundred years of embroidery. Pauline Johnson. Wakefield press 1986. ISBN 0-9492-6881-x

7 Jan 1601 – Robert Earl of Essex, lead a revolt in London against Queen Elizabeth. (Chch Star NZ. Today in history. 7 Jan 2015).

2 Jan 1602 – Spanish forces in Ireland surrender to the British army at Kinsdale. (Chch Star NZ. 2 Jan 2015. Today in history).

1603 – Political union of England and Scotland, after the union of the crown by James VI and I. (History Today. May 2014 UK).

1603-1901 – Baptisms of illegitimate children in Cornwall various parishes on a CD. (Family tree. Sept 2010)

1605 – News agency, invention of printing in Europe in 15^th century, publishers books, pamphlets and news. Rome and Venice Italy. In the UK in the early 17^th century paying ten pounds a year for a manuscript news service. (History today. Feb 2014).

1609-1625 – James Bagg was Vice Admiral of Cornwall. England was attacked by the Islamic corsairs of Barbary. Villages were at prayers and Christians were kidnapped by the Islamic corsairs. Cornwall villages. North African Corsairs. Villagers were carried off into slavery, taken to Sale on Morrocco’s Atlantic coast, Rabat town, New Sale. Between 1609 and 1616 Muslims captured many English slaves. Muslims who hated Christians. White slavery and female sex slavery. (White gold. Giles Milton ©2004 UK)

1610-1646 – White Christian slaves. By 1643 so many slaves were being held. The UK parliament ordered churches to collect money to buy back the slaves. By the 1640’s at least 3,000 English people were taken to Barbary Moroccan port of Sale. Also in the Turkish regions of Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli. Ottoman sultan. White slaves were found in Alexandria, Cairo and Istanbul. In 1646 Edmund Cason went to Algiers to buy back Christian slaves, female sex slaves cost more to buy back. (White gold. Giles Milton ©2004 UK)

1615-1870 – Convict transportation from Britain and Ireland 1615-187 . Hamish Maxwell Stewart. Article. History compass November 2010. Wiley online library.

1617 – London council and the Virginia company counselor. Vagrant street kids children were sent to Virginia USA.

1619 – Autumn 1619 John Rolfe recorder of Virginia, based at the English tobacco producing colony of Jamestown. Sold them 20 African slaves. The sale of African slaves in Jamestown, the first trade in slaves in an English colony the first sale in North America. (UK Slave trafficking. Nick Hazelwood ©2004).

1620-1958 – Ireland Catholic parish baptisms 1742-1881. Ireland Catholic parish marriages and banns 1742-1884. Ireland Catholic parish deaths 1756-1881. Ireland civil registration deaths index 1664-1958. Ireland civil registration marriage index 1845-1958. Ireland births baptisms 1620-1911. Ireland civil registration births index 1864-1958. (NZ society of genealogists inc Nov-Dec 2011 p252).

17 Sept 1620 – The Mayflower departed from Plymouth with 102 passengers. (Chch Star NZ. Today in history 17 Sept 2014).

1625 –1627 – Christian sex slaves were called concubines. They were sold in North Africa. 1626 the year after their raids in Cornwall and Devon. In 1625 King Charles I sent John Harrison to Sale Morocco where English slaves were being held. Sir Henry Marton was a lawyer and Cornish member of parliament. Sale Corsairs. Sidi Mohammed el-Ayyadhi was revered by Sale slave traders and anti-Christian Muslims in Morocco. March 1627 Harrison and Sidi Mohammed held talks in Sale. (White gold. ©2004 Giles Milton UK)

1625-1649 – Charles I ruled England. (History Today. Oct 2014 UK).

July 1625 – Christian slaves in Morocco, female sex slaves of the Sultan Moulay Ismail, harems in North Africa, where white slaves were held. Slave auctions with salves seized at sea, or from their homes in Europe. Tortured and forced to convert from Christians to Muslims. Cornwall’s south western coasts. England was attacked by Islamic Corsairs of Barbary. (White gold. ©2004 Giles Milton UK)

1627-1637 – Islamic sultan in Sale Morocco and King Charles I in the UK. Sidi Mohammed ordered attacks on the English coastline. The Sale Corsairs depended on the slave trade for their livelihood. In May 1635 more than 150 English people were kidnapped and tortured. 1,200 slaves in Sale and 27 female sex slaves. 1637 February sailed for New Sale. (White gold. ©2004 Giles Milton UK)

1631 - Barbary pirates in 1631 Murad Rais Southern Ireland. 200 Islamic troops in the village of Baltimore. 237 men, women and children were slaves and sent to Algiers Christians at the slave auctions. (White gold. ©2004 Giles Milton UK)

1635 – Charles I opens royal mail to his subjects to obtain revenue. The paper trail. (Practical family history. December 2009).

1635-1958 – Liverpool England Quaker registers. (NZ society of genealogists inc. Nov-Dec 2011 p252).

1640 – Lightening killed a dog, at the feet of one kneeling to receive the cup, at St Anthony-in-Meneage, Cornwall. (Practical family history. July 2003 UK p18)

1640 – A small dog door cut in one of the church doors as at Paiginton in Devon and Mullion in Cornwall. (Practical family history. July 2003).

1640-1679 – In 1640, Thomas Hobbes as England moved towards civil war, he moved to Paris France. He died in England of a stroke in 1679 aged 91. (History Today. April 2013 UK).

1642 – An analysis of marriage entries in parish registers suggests that in 1642 about one third of the men were unable to write their name. (Family history monthly. March 2004 p18).

1642 – In the UK civil war broke out in 1642 resulting in the destruction of the Monastic library system. Books were removed and destroyed, but some were relocated to the private collections of rich landowners. (A history of info storage and retrieval. Foster Stockwell ©2001 US).

1643-1662 – UK monarchs decreed a law banning anonymous publications in 1643. The ordinance for the regulation of printing in 1660, the treason act and the printing act of 1662. In the 17^th century UK, insulting a peer or so called social superior or rich person would lead to beating or jail. (Hacking the future C Stryker ©2012 US).

1645-1660 – 1649 was called the Commonwealth period. Oliver Cromwell from 1645 to 1660. Register of births, marriages and deaths, but little survived. (Who do you think you are. Sept 2013 UK).

1645-1700 – By 1645 there were 6,000 slaves in the fields of Barbadoes. Five years later the island had 300 plantations, and by 1673 more than 35,000 African slaves there. Africans forced transported to the Americas, 10 million to 20 million people and as many as a third died on the journey. English slave traders shipped 300,000 Africans. 1680 and 1700, 3 million shipped to British colonies. (UK Slave trafficking. Nick Hazelwood ©2004).

30 Jan 1649 – Charles I was beheaded, after seven years of conflict. Trial and execution for treason at Whitehall. (History today. Feb 2014 p28.

1650s – 100,000 Irish children were sold as slaves during the 1650’s. Children between 10 and 14 years of age were taken from their parents and sold as slaves in Virginia and New England. 52,000 women and children were sold as slaves to Virginia USA. (Irish Examiner by Conall O Fatharta 29 January 2013).

22 April 1659 – Lord Cromwell disbanded the English parliament. (Chch Star NZ. Today in history. 22 April 2015).

1660 – LM Culler. An economic history of Ireland since 1660. London. BT Batsford 1976.

1660-1685 – The oldest newspaper in Ireland gives an account of chief events. February 1660 Sir Charles Cote, and a newsletter in Dublin in 1685. (How to trace your Irish ancestors. ©2008 Ian Maxwell UK)

1660-1685 – Charles II of England appears in the robes of the Order of the Garter.

1660-1752 – Online archives. Historians. Cloud computing and Roots magic. The Royal African company from 1660 to 1752, was a slave trading organization with links to the head of the Monarchy. Slavery. The Royal African company, RAC, records were held at the National archives. It was a slave trading venture. (Who do you think you are. Sept 2013 UK).

27 Aug 1660 – The books of John Milton were burned in London, because of his attacks on King Charles II. (Chch Star NZ. Today in history p11).

1662-1834 – From the 16^th century, the Welfare of the poor and disabled of a parish became the responsibility of the overseers, up until the Poor Laws of 1834, when it transferred to the new Poor Law guardians. To abolish vagrancy and from 1662 to see everyone was legally settled. The Parish workhouse and orphans. The parish chest. (Who do you think you are. May 2014 UK).

1662-1866 – Quarter sessions records. The poor, bastards, vagrancy and paupers. (Who do you think your are. July 2014 UK).

1663 – In 1663 London printer John Twyn had his head placed on a spike and displayed over Ludgate. His body was quartered and each section sent to four other city gates. His crime was to print an anonymous pamphlet. A Treatise of the execution of justice, saying monarchs should be accountable to their subjects and to rebel against unjust rulers. (Hacking the future. C Stryker ©2012 US).

1663 – 1807 – The guinea coin was first seen in 1663. Trading to Africa dealt mainly in slaves, traded in slaves until 1731 when the trade changed to Ivory and Gold. Provided gold to the Royal mint from 1668 to 1722. The slave trade flourished until abolition in 1807. (Empires children. ©2007 Anton Gill).

1665 – The great plague. Bedlam plague pits, skeletons in London. 3,000 skeletons in a mass burial grave. (The Guardian UK. 11 March 2015).

1666 – London disaster, the great fire of 1666. (Family tree. Dec 2009 p84).

1666 – The year London caught fire. People started settling elsewhere, saying it was less likely to be built again, records in dairies. (Practical family history. July 2003 UK)

1666 – Following the great fire of London. The city was rebuilt with Purbeck stone. History of the Purbeck quarries. (history today.April 2013 UK).

1666-1678 – To boost the wool trade, the dead were to be buried in a woolen shroud. The practice died out during the 18^th century. (Who do you think you are. Sept 2013 UK).

28 May 1672 – The battle of Sole bay, close to the Suffolk shore. The battle was part of the third Anglo Dutch war 1672-1674 Charles II was in alliance with Louis XIV of France. (History today. Feb 2014).

1673-74 – Origins.net Hearth tax records for Notinghamshire. (Who do you think you are. July 2014 UK).

1673-1817 – The 1817 census of St Helens island. 821 white, 618 Chinese servants, 500 free blacks and 1,500 other slaves. 6,150 military UK. More than 20,000 slaves were freed by anti slavery squadrons, who then went to cape colony or to the UK. The British controlled the island in 1673. St Helens was always a slave island. (Who do you think you are. May 2013 UK).

1674 – The old Bailey session papers accounts of trials 1674-1913 search on www.oldbaileyonline.org. (Practical family history. August 2009).

1674 – Two children’s skeletons were discovered at the tower of London. Remains of princes. They were moved to an urn in Westminster abbey and were last exumed in 1933. (History Today. April 2013 UK).

1674-1913 – London’s central criminal court records, the old Bailey. (Who do you think you are. Sept 2013 UK).

1674-1913 – The proceedings of the old Bailey. Internet archives. archive.org (Who do you think you are. May 2014 UK)

1681 – Scores of English ships had been seized over the years and their crews disappeared without trace. Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail held English slaves in Morocco. (White gold. ©2004 Giles Milton UK)

1682 – 11 January 1682 King Charles II sent to Morocco an embassy. Issue of English slaves in Morocco. A treaty was signed in March 1682 concerning English, Welsh, Scottish and Irish slaves. (White gold. ©2004 Giles Milton UK)

1682-1689 – The Guild minute book. (Who do you think you are. July 2014 UK).

1684-1695 – The oldest Irish regiment in the British army was the 18^th foot, the Royal Irish regiment raised in 1684, they went to Flanders in 1695 nicknamed the Namurs. (Family tree. Dec 2009 p25).

6 Feb 1685 – Duke of York became King James II of England and VIII of Scotland after the death of his brother Charles II. (Chch Star NZ. Today in history. 6 Feb 2015).

1690 – Barclays was established.

1690 – The defeat of the deposed King of England James II and his Irish Catholic allies at the Boyre river in 1690 is the first events in the long struggle between Catholics and Protestants. (The great shame Irish. ©1998 Thomas Kenealy).

1690-1800 – London lives. Londonlives.org Research 18^th century London, parish, coroners, hospitals and church records. (Who do you think you are. May 2014 UK).

1691 – Galway, Rosconnen and Tipperay. The Gaelic lords of the region were dispossessed after the victory of Englands King William III over the Irish at Aughring a village north west of Lismany in 1691. (The great shame Irish. ©1998 Thomas Kenealy).

1692 – Coutts bank is a private bank and wealth manager. It was founded in 1692. It is one of the worlds oldest banks. It is owned by the Royal bank of Scotland.

1694 – The Bank of England was set up as a private bank by rich protestant interests in 1694. It led to mortgage markets, Lloyds insurance and a stock exchange. (Nicholas Shaxson. Treasure islands (c)2011 UK).

1695 – Lloyds banking group was established.

1695 – The Licensing Act controlled what could and could not be printed. (History today. Feb 2014).

1695-1706 – In 1695 there were charges for recording in the register of baptisms, marriages and burials. The charges were lifted in 1706. (Who do you think you are. Sept 2013 UK).

1695-1940 – London workhouse records came online in 26 March 2009. Names, born, baptized or died in a London workhouse in the 19^th century and early 20^th century. Database, poor law records from London 1695 to 1940 inmates. (The NZ Genealogist. May June 2009).

1698-1798 – The Society for the promotion of Christian knowledge SPCK founded a program, to build and develop charity schools for poor children, including girls. In the first 30 years of the 18^th century the SPCK 1500 schools many in south Wales and Scotland. Sunday schools at Stockport 3,000 children the 1789-1920 registers names ages on microfilm, they have not been indexed, some later registers to 1964. (Practical family history. August 2003 UK)

1699 – Rare book. Mathew Smith. Memoirs of secret service. London UK. Smith published his memoirs and the govt seized them and burned them. A few copies survived.

17^th to 18^th century – The center of hand knitting was the Yorkshire dales. The sale of hosiery was an income for knitters. The early 18^th century during the Seven Year War. Knitters of the Dales knitted stockings for the army to wear. (Knitting. Joanna MacDonald (c)1962 UK).

1700 – An index of wills proved in the archdeaconry court of London 1700-1807 Cliff Webb.

1700 – Smuggling a history 1700-1970. David Phillipson Rosemary Pugh 1973.

17^th century – The slave trade lasted from 17^th to 19^th century, basis of wealth for Liverpool and Bristol. Ships left England for the coast of west Africa, slaves taken by Arab traders. Slaves were densely packed into the holds of ships in bad conditions. (Empires children. ©2009 Anton Gill).

1700’s – Many babies and children were abandoned by their parents in Georgian and Victorian times. Orphanages, hospitals and homes were built. Some starved to death on the streets or in the workhouse. Ancestors orphans or adopted, photos records. (Family history monthly. March 2002).

1700-1746 – St Just on Penwith. baptisms 1708-1746. Baptisms 1700-1736. Cornish forefathers. CD, Cornish parish records. County records office in Truro. (Family history monthly. March 2004 p73).

1701-1765 – The UK was supplying slaves to Spanish America. Louis XIV grandson Philip V of Spain 1701 the Peace of Paris. Senegal was also a major slave center, the Caribbean plantation island and slave economy’s of Grenada, Tobago, Dominica and St Vincent. George III was crowned in 1760. The stamp act crisis of 1765. Slave trade and racism against American Indians. (History Today. June 2013 UK).

11 July 1705 – Josiah Hill male was born in London UK. (See PAF file for notes about Hill).

October 1705 – The court of governors for the poor, orders all ballad singers in the streets to be taken up and sent into the workhouses in London. (Down and out in 18^th century London. Tim Hitchcock ©2004).

1707 – Scotland has been part of Britain since 1707. (Who do you think you are. Sept 2014 UK).

1707 – After 1707 the armed forces controlled the British Isles. Records of Scottish soldiers, sailors and airmen are found in the National archives of England. (Detectives of genealogy. Kathy Chater Anness ©2005 UK).

1708-1840 – During the famine many landowners left their properties and left Ireland. The registry of Deeds were set up in 1708 to stop Catholics from owning land. Relates to rich British Irish families. Registry of Deeds in Dublin. Famine of 1840s. (Detectives of genealogy. Kathy Chater Anness ©2005 UK).

1708-1929 – A recent purchase. The Irish lands and Gentors indexes on microfilm, the two indexes to the transcripts of memorials of deeds, conveyances and wills held at the registry of deeds, Dublin, and cover the years 1708-1929. (Australian family tree connections. Sept 2010 p8. www.aucklandcitylibraries.com)

1710-1953 – Find my past. The largest online British newspaper collection. (Who do you think you are. May 2014 UK).

1711 – Until 1711 UK letters had to be passed through London. After this date cross points between towns was introduced. (Family tree. Dec 2009 p13).

1713 – British to supply slaves to Spanish colonies for 30 years. 5,000 captives a year. Slavery was Britain’s biggest most profitable business. The biggest slave trading nation on earth. Slave traders got rich and British ports, Bristol, Liverpool . Between 1650 and 1900 the population of Europe quadrupled while that of Africa increased a fifth. (UK Slave trafficking. Nick Hazelwood ©2004).

1715 – Real pirates explains the intersection of slavery and piracy. The “Whydah” pirate ship sank on Cape Cod USA 26 April 1717. It was built in Britain in 1715 as a commercial ship to carry slaves from West Africa to the Caribbean. Slave trade and piracy on the “Whydah”. Needles used to brand 700 slaves. The inhumanity of trafficking. A branding iron and manacles. (onmilwaukee.com 17 Dec 2012 Real pirates Milwaukee public museum 27 May 2013).

1715 – The Moors who attacked the Cornish coastline for so long, a large number of captive slaves held in Barbary, many of them from Cornwall. Many of the English vessels that had put to sea in 1715 were captured by the Corsairs. Captain John Stocker’s ship the “Sarah” was captured at the end of March 1715, 15 crew were taken as slaves to Sale Morocco. (White gold. ©2004 Giles Milton UK)

1718-1761 – Our first known ancestor is Anthony Pryor, born about 1718 in the reign of George I. He married Avis Thomas in Wendron Cornwall on 19 October 1743. The village has one of the longest histories of tin mining of any district in Cornwall back to the 16^th century. He and Avis had at least nine children all born in Wendron. Finally Anthony was born in 1761, 17 years after his parents married.

1718-1766 – The first Hellfire club was formed in London in 1718 by Philip Durkik of Wharton. Sir Francis Dahwon from 1749 to 1760 until 1766. (Wikipedia).

1719 – After 1719 the gathering of men called the “Hellfire club” it involved sex with children, slaves and animals. Called the English elite? (History Today. July 2014 UK)

1720-1840 – Cornwall parish registers Illogan 1720-1812 CD $21 and Cornwall parish registers Illogan 1813-1840 CD $21. (Australia family tree. Sept 2010)

1720-1927 – In Ireland until the 1720s abandoned children were cared for by the parish. Hospitals for Irish children, and an illegal trade in shipping babies from England and Scotland to be cared for at the expanse of the Irish. Dublin and Cork hospitals. Lots of babies died. It was only after 1829 that Catholic churches founded their own orphanages. The Dublin cholera orphans in 1832 for orphans after a cholera outbreak. Adoption began in 1927. (Family history monthly. March 2002 p29).

1726-1831 – Bethnal house was a mental prison which opened as a private mental prison in Kirbys castle in 1726. The building was extended by 1777 and called the White house. By 1831 a red house for men and a white house for women inmates. Bethnal Green asylum housed 614 people, 558 of them inmates in 1851. It had 410 beds for men from 1896. In 1901 there were 203 inmates and 60 staff. The mental prison closed in 1920. (Australia family tree. Sept 2010).

1727 – Royal bank of Scotland group was established.

1731-1785 – Newspapers since the 18^th century. britishnewspaperarchives.co.uk pay to view. The Times has a digital archive from 1785. 1731-1750 the internet library. (Who do you think you are. Sept 2013 UK).

1731-1815 – In uniform with badges on their sleeves, the inmates of London’s workhouses in 1815. Beggars were lame, false and workhouse inmates. In 1731 a group called the ‘Christian love poor’, the city of London employed about 700 watchmen by 1737. They carried sticks and lanterns. (Down and out in 18^th century London. Tim Hitchcock. ©2004).

1732 – 120,000 Irish were killed or wounded in foreign service in the preceding four decades. (Family tree. Dec 2009 p22).

1732 – Katherine Creuze female was born in London UK

December 1732 – Ann Hill was born in London Mix Eng.

1733 – Before 1733, Latin was the official language of the church and the law. Until 1733 most, but not all, of manorial records will be in Latin, except 1649-1660. (Practical family history. Feb 2010 p35).

1733 – Until 1733 most, if not all, manorial records were in Latin. Before 1733 Latin was the official language of church and law. Parish registers were written in Latin. Palaeography. (Practical family history. February 2010).

1734 – Locating treasure. Parishes in the UK, a farsighted system of record keeping survived. Historians and specific info. There were food riots in Cornwall. (Practical family history. August 2009).

1734-1837 – Lloyds list shipping news, weekly in 1734 and by 1837 daily publication. Some issues have not survived. Trace movement of ships around the world. (Family tree. Sept 2010 UK)

1737 – Jonathan Saift. A proposal for giving badges to the beggars in all the parishes of Dublin Ireland.

1737 – The Belfast newsletter was first published. Its one of the oldest continuously published newspapers in the world. Linen Hall library Belfast. (How to trace your Irish ancestors. ©2008 Ian Maxwell UK)

1738-1742 – The Lord Mayors of London discriminated against beggars. Woman and Children especially. Many workhouse inmates begged in the streets.

1740-1940 – Betty Naggar. Jewish peddlers and hawkers. Camberley Porphyrogenitus 1992.

1740-1787 – London ballad singers as beggars. The disabled and destitute were arrested for being poor. Vagrancy laws. Forms of begging. 1740s St Martins workhouse for poor beggars. Disability and the poor beggars, workhouse inmates. Former black slaves were shipped of to Sierra Leone settlement in 1787. Black beggars in London streets. (Down and out in 18^th century London. Tim Hitchcock ©2004).

1741 – R Dodsley. The blind beggar of Bethnal green.

1741-1869 – Early 18^th century unwanted children, orphans, illegitimate street children, were in parish poor houses. In 1741 the first year the hospital was opened 136 infants were admitted and 56 of them died. Between 1756 and 1760, 15,000 children were admitted and of them 10,000 died. Some of the children were adopted by the families of the nurses. In 1869 a children’s home for destitute children from the streets of London opened and was operated by the Methodist church. (Family history monthly. March 2002 p27).

19 October 1743 – Avis Thomas married Anthony Pryor in Wendron Con England.

1744 – Catherine Rabaud died in London Eng.

8 September 1748 – Marmaduke William Norris was born in Ludlow England

1749 – Smuggling and smugglers in Sussex. The genuine history of the Gentlemen and Chichester.

1750’s – Smuggling in Devon and Cornwall. The Sicilly isles became dependent on smuggling for its economy. Smuggling was a Cornish activity and in Cornwall tin ore was mined. A famous family that operated out of Prussia cove near praa Sands in Cornwall was the Carter family. John Carter was head of the family. Another family mentioned was a devout Methodist preacher despite his interests in contraband material. The Carters of Prussia cove. (p32-33 Family history monthly. June 2008 UK.)

1751-52 – The Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar. The dates changed. (Who do you think you are. Sept 2013 UK).

1752 – The murder act of 1752, said a criminal was to be hanged within 48 hours of sentencing. (Practical family history. August 2009).

2-14 Sept 1752 – In the UK and colonies. The end of the Julian calendar was on 2 Sept 1752. The beginning of the Gregorian calendar was on 14 Sept 1752. (Ancestry. March April 2007. p21).

1753 – The Hardwicke’s Marriage Act. Jews and Quakers were exempt. (Who do you think you are. Sept 2013 UK).

1753-54 – John Newton arrived back in Liverpool in August 1753 captain of the “African” from Sierra Leone. The “adventure” from London was overrun by rebellious slaves. In Jan 1754 the “racehorse” in Liverpool for making money. April 1754 the “racehorse” in Liverpool. By august 1754 Newton was back in Liverpool. (The trader, the owner, the slave. James Walvin ©2007 UK).

1755 – The Hellfire club. Londonist 14 Nov 2014. Sir Francis Dashwool founded the Hellfire club in 1755.

1757-1784 – Pawnbroking was regulated by an Act of 1757 for crime related to pawning goods. In 1784 a new Act specified the charges. Pawnbroking was a way of getting money. Records. (Practical family history. August 2003 UK)

7 February 1758 – Margery Waters married Richard Pryor in Crowan Con England.

1760 – England’s canals became important in the 1760’s and grew rapidly until the middle of the 19^th century. Then faded as new railways became established. (Practical family history August 2003 UK)

1760-1780 – During the 1780s Liverpool sent 646 slave ships to Africa. 166 ships from London and 111 ships from Bristol. 136,000 African slaves from Sierra Leone in the 1760s. From 1766-1775 British ships sent 411,300 Africans to the Americas. (The trader, the owner the slave. James Walvin ©2007 UK).

1761-1767 – The Parish contracted out its poor relief to a pauper farm or private workhouse, run by Richard Birch in Roselane. Nearly 100 poor victims to parish cruelty. Contract workhouses 11 June 1761, 1762. (Down and out in 18^th century London. Tim Hitchcock. (c)2004).

1761-1787 – Anthony Pryor was baptised in Wendron on 13 December 1761, in the second year of the reign of George III. When Anthony was 19 he married Margery (who also had the maiden name of Pryor), Wendron 29 January 1787.

29 June 1761 – Louisa Ogier was born in London Middlesex England..

1762 – Barings bank. An English merchant bank in London. The world's second oldest merchant bank (after Berenberg bank) founded in 1762.

1764 – Lloyds register of shipping London.

1764-1776 – The end of the French Indian wars, the seven year war in Europe. This left Britain in debt, so then in 1764 they created a new law on American colonies and taxed everything. Unfair laws and taxes. So on 4 July 1776 declaration of independence. (Ancestry. July August 2007 p24).

1767-1776 – A larger pauper farm was in Hoxton. Several small central London parishes boarded its poor in Hoxton, a large pauper farm, almshouse and private mental prison in July 1767. By 1776 there were 86 workhouses, with over 15,000 paupers, inmates in parish institutions, orphanages and almshouses. (Down and out in 18^th century London. Tim Hitchcock. ©2004).

1770 – Gurney's bank Norwich. A family run bank. The Gurney family.

1770-1845 – History of rape. Ama Clark. Women’s silence, men’s violence, sexual assault in England. 1987.

1771 – Riots in London. (History Today. May 2014 UK).

1774 – The lid was lifted on the tomb of Edward I in Westminster abbey. The discovery started a tradition of tomb openings, with groups asking vicars for the right to open medieval remnants in their parishes. (History Today. April 2013 UK).

1776-1838 – James Malvin. England, slaves and freedom. Basingstoke London 1986.

1777 – Prison reform. John Howard book the state of the prisons. (Practical family history. August 2009).

6 Feb 1778 – Britain declared war on France. (Chch Star NZ. Today in history. 6 Feb 2015).

1779 – At Danbury in Essex a group opened the sealed lead coffin of a medieval knight. (History Today. April 2013 UK)

1779-1914 – 5 May 2014. Brendan Cole. Voice of Russia history. Archives tell stories of brutal justice for children in reform schools. Children as young as 5 were jailed for stealing bread. Youth crimes from 1779-1914. Database records reform or industrial schools were set up in the 1850s.Children abandoned or neglected. Children were reported to the police to get rid of them.

1779-1920 – Indexes to calendars of prisoners at Staffordshire sessions 1779-1880. Staffordshire police force 1842-1920. Workhouse admissions and discharges 1834-1900. (p9 Family tree. Sept 2010).

1780-1870 – Clare Midgelery. Women against slavery. The British campaigns 1992.

1781 – Dog doors were cut in church doors Mullion in Cornwall 1781 (Similar to cat doors). (Practical family history. July 2003 UK p18)

1782 – Archives. Set up in 1782 at the foreign office, covert gathering of info, spy intel agency. (M16 SIS Keith Jeffery ©crown 2010 UK).

1783-93 – The 1783 the Stamp Act. There was a charge to register baptisms, marriages and burials in the Parish register. It was repealed 10 years later. (Who do you think you are. Sept 2013 UK).

1783-1850 – In 1783 a tax was imposed on bricks to pay for the war against the colonists in Virginia. Tax of 12% rose to 20%. All taxes on bricks were ended in 1850. (Family tree. Dec 2009 p35).

1784 – Antigua. Sir Christopher Codrington had a giant sugar factory using thousands of east African slaves. Horatio Nelson said it was a vile place, the plantation, Antigua Caribbean west Indies. (Practical family history. Feb 2010 p59).

1787-1808 – On 11 November 1787 a son was born, also called Anthony, other children followed. On boxing day in 1808 he married Margaret Cowls at Helston about 3 miles south of Wendron.

1787-1961 – Colony in 1787, a number of freed African slaves and a few English were sent to Sierra Leone in West Africa, by the St Georges Bay company and Granville Sharp. The Black poor in London, were slaves too. Freetown with 1,200 African slaves from America sent to Nova Scotia, and thousands of African slaves created a new colony in 1961. (Family tree. Sept 2010).

1788 – Hyde Abbey was a jail for prisoners. Three graves were unearthed at the site. Alfred’s tomb. (History Today. April 2013 UK).

1788-1983 – Irish families in Australia and NZ. Revised volume one. Abbott Dynan. 1788-1983 by Hubert William Coffey and Marjorie Jean Morgan. (NZ society of genealogists inc. Nov-Dec 2011 p253).

1788 – 2000 – The Royal Masonic junior school for girls in Weybridge Surrey. Book. Polished cornerstone by Lorna Cowburn. History of the school. (Who do you think you are. May 2014 UK).

1790-1816 – The Yeomanry were used to quell riots against food shortages in the mid 1790s and between 1811 and 1816. (Practical family history. Dec 2009).

4 Dec 1791 – The first edition of the Observer was published. The oldest Sunday newspaper in the world. (Practical family history. Dec 2009).

1796 – The Linen industry in Ireland. Free spinning wheels or looms were given to farmers who planted a certain amount of their land with flax. (How to trace your Irish ancestors. ©2008 Ian Maxwell UK)

1796-1975 – Estate duty registers, Inland revenue register, death duty payments. Taxes. 1796 to 1903 the Legacy Duty Act of 1796. In 1805 a further Legacy Duty Act was created. In 1975 these taxes were replaced by the Capital Transfer Act. (Who do you think you are. May 2013 UK).

14 May 1796 – Edward Jenner, a Gloucestershire doctor, gave the world's first vaccination. For smallpox, a disease which had killed millions of people over the centuries. (This day in history. 14 May 2015).

1798 – After the Irish rebellion in 1798 the British began recruiting Irish regiments for Crown forces. Up to 40% of the British army in the Peninsular wars were Irish. (Family tree. Dec 2009 p72).

1798-1834 – The Poor law amendment Act of 1834. The Thames police were set up in 1798. Workhouses were part of a system of controlling the poor. (History today. Feb 2014).

1799 – Tax was first introduced in 1799, to raise money for the war with France. 10% for income over 60 pounds. (Family history monthly. March 2004 p34).

18^th century – Bristol was founded on slavery. Export of Africans to America. Bristol slave trade. Concubines, were female sex slaves. Slaves kept as concubines in the UK were not valued but for reason of power and status. Concubines and bastardy, selling slaves into Ireland. (History Today. March 2013 UK).

1800s – Social clubs, the four burrow hunt in Cornwall cost 25 guineas a year, hunting foxes. (Family history monthly. March 2004 p39).

1800-1945 – Settlers, New Zealand immigrants from England, Ireland and Scotland by Hearn, Terry Phillips Jock ISBN 1869404017 Publication date 1/4/2008 (Trade me $40).

20 January 1800 – Ann Hill died in London Mxd England.

1801 – Francis Willis was the rector of the parish of Wapping, vicar of Cretford. He opened a private mental prison, 18^th century UK. He wanted to supplement his income. 28 years of running a mental prison in Lincolnshire. (Royal Babylon. Karl Shaw ©1999 US).

1801-1914 – West Yorkshire and the crimes of five year old children. Reform schools and Children’s homes. (Who do you think you are. p10 July 2014 UK).

1 March 1801 – Mary Norris was born in Richmond Surrey England.

1802 – Christian brothers. Wikipedia Catholic lay order, founded at Waterford Ireland in 1892 by the blessed Edmund Ignatius.

9 April 1804 – Frederick von Sturmer was born in Poplar NDX England.

1806 – 18^th century English gypsy communities. Mary Saxby. Memoirs of a female vagrant.

26 December 1808 – Margaret Cowls married Anthony Pryor in Helston Cornwall England.

1810 – 1880 – The general mental prison opened at Sneinton in 1810 it became the county mental prison in 1855. Nottingham city mental prison opened in 1880. Inmate records are closed for 100 years. (Practical family history. December 2009 p27).

1812 – Anthony Mangan was born in CLA Ireland.

1812-1835 – In 1835 power looms were used in the West Riding woolen industry. Luddite factions in Yorkshire in 1812, finishing machines for woolen cloth. Weaving in the Moorlands and Dales of West Riding of Yorkshire. (Knitting. Joanna MacDonald ©1962 UK).

1812 –1839 – One other child was born to Anthony and Margaret Cowls, William, baptised at Helston on 5 September 1812. In April 1838 at Kenwyn, William married 24 year old Elizabeth Davey in Helston a gardener. William and Elizabeth had a son James John on 20 January 1839 in Helston.

5 September 1812 – William Pryor was born in Helston Cornwall England.

1814 – 25 June 2014, Tim Ecott, Voice of Russia history. Two centuries since Russia’s Emperor Alexander I was feted in England in 1814. Peace treaty of Paris after the fall of Napoleon.

1815 – English British naval history to 1815 a guide to literature. Eugene L Raser. Smuggling 1892 Neville Williams. Contraband cargoes 1959. History profession 1713-1775.

1815 – Emigration from Europe 1815-1930 D Baines London Macmillan 1991.

1815 – Emigration from Europe 1815-1914 C Erickson London Adam and Charles Black 1976.

1817-1830 – By the end of 1818 there were about 465 savings banks in the British isles, which by 1830 had about 14 million pounds in deposits, from over 400,000 people. The Savings bank Act of 1817. (History today. Feb 2014. p39).

1818 – Children born to slaves on St Helens were born laves too. Injustice born into slavery. Dehumanized slavery. Archives of St Helens and slavery records. (Who do you think you are. May 2013 UK).

1820 – From the mid 18^th Century Cornwall was an industrial powerhouse, the richest tin and copper mining region in the world. The rise and fall of the industries has shaped almost every corner of Cornish life. By the bronze age 2100BC to 750BC Western Europe depended on Cornwall for supplies of tin to make bronze. The metals then produced by tin streaming and from open cast mines. p40 By the 1820s there were more than 2,000 mines in operation making Cornwall the worlds leading mineral producer. The world copper crash in 1866 left the industry reeling and a decline of mining followed. Many Cornish left for mines in the US, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. Reviving production of tin in 2010 with a rise in world metal process. Cornish ethnicity. (Cornwall Lesley Gillilan p37).

1823 – David Nicol was born in FIF Scotland.

1824 – Archival material, national records of Scotland 1500s or earlier. From mediaeval times, illegitimacy cases, poor relief. Register for Loretto in Misselburgh Scotland, boarding school and the Edinburgh academy was founded in 1824. (Who do you think you are. Sept 2013 UK).

1824 – The Vagrancy Act for vagrants and tramps. (Who do you think you are. May 2013 UK).

1824-1877 – Banking dynasties. Jewish bankers, the Rothschild family. 30 male members married cousins. In 1839 James Rothschild, so the fortune would stay in the family. (Family tree. Sept 2010 UK)

1826 – The aristocracy were still in power, and had ownership of the land in the UK. The upper class, or rich. (Family history monthly. March 2004 p14).

1827 – The St Helens slave index. Ancestors were born into slavery. Casar was a slave name. The east India company and the slave trade. Slaves were of diverse ethnicity, like Indonesian and Indian. Slaves were given just one name. Like Casar, descended from generations of slaves on St Helens islands. The East India records, names of slaves. Children born into slavery, St Helens slave index. Slaves were still bound. (Who do you think you are. May 2013 UK).

1828-1839 – Ireland between 1828 and 1839, National archives of Dublin, estate and death lists, wills etc. Surviving records of an estate, as most original wills were destroyed in 1922. (Family history monthly. March 2004 p35).

11 March 1828 – Charles Watson was born in Lin England.

3 July 1828 – Frederick von Sturmer married Mary Norris UK.

1829 – Nobody forgives you if you tell the truth. The system was indeed very rotten. The establishment, the system created was also rotten. Jobs and money for the boys at every level of society. Newspapers relied on government funding and money from the rich. People were starving and prisons tripled in size. Banks went bust. Parliament acted in its own interests. (History Today. March 2014 UK).

1829-1945 – Researching history and archives. Story bank. The worlds oldest charity was the metropolitan and city police orphans fund. At metcityorphans.org.uk Metropolitan police orders. 547,000 database. (Who do you think you are. May 2014 UK).

8 April 1829 – Frederick John Sturmer was born in Oxford OXF England.

1830 – By 1830, 42% of the British army were Irish, compared to 41% British. (Family tree. Dec 2009 p22).

1830s – One of the earliest Workhouses was built in Abington Berkshire. Sue Wilkes. The children history forgot. Robert Hale ltd 2011. (Who do you think you are. Sept 2014 UK).

1830-1839 – First opium war between the UK and China began.

1830-1939 – Cornwall directories, 1830 pigots directories, 1844 pigots directories, 1856 post office directory of Cornwall, 1893 Kellys directory, 1910 Kellys directory, 1939 Kellys directory. (Family history monthly. March 2004 p17).

15 Sept 1830 – Discoveries, records and research. Workhouse research, digitized to protect records. William Huskisson died on 15 Sept 1830. He was a politician, who was run over by George Stephenson’s ‘Rocket’. Making this the world’s first rail fatality. (Who do you think you are. Sept 2013 UK).

1831 – A cholera epidemic broke out in London UK (Timeline internet).

1831-1969 – General register office. Foreign returns 1831-1969. Second world war deaths. British prisoners of war in German and Japanese camps and civilians. British subjects in the colonies in English churches in the countries too. (Family tree. Dec 2009 p7).

1832-1854 – Before 1847 in Liverpool and other cities, private companies were supplying water, from sewage contaminated wells, and in London from the sewage contaminated river Thames. Rats would carry the fleas that transported typhus fever. During 1832 there were cholera epidemics in Liverpool. In 1854 it was shown that cholera was a water related disease, germs contaminated in the water caused cholera. (Practical family history. July 2003 p13).

1833 – Deeds. Record land holding and transfer. A common form of deed dating from the 1100’s to 1833 are feet of fines. Final agreements land was transferred from one party to another. Written in triplicate on a sheet of sheep or goatskin divided three ways. Surviving copies are kept in the National Archives indexed in series 1/7233-44 and 1/7217-68. Many have been published by county record societies, local archives and libraries.

20 July 1833 – Cholera. Galway weekly advertiser.

29 Aug 1833 – UK Slavery Abolition ACT becomes law. (Slavery still exists in 2015), (Chch Star NZ. Today in history p11).

1834 – The poor law Amendment Act of 1834, set up prison like workhouses. Families were split up. It was impossible to get out of “the system”. Cruel penalties for having an illegitimate child. The crime of bastardy was confined to the poor, not to the rich. A dog was given more food than a man was allocated in the workhouse. (History Today. March 2013 UK).

1834 – The board of guardians were created in 1834. They ran workhouses and employed school teachers for children in their care. (Practical family history. August 2003 UK)

1834 – Westminster, Buckingham palace, a burial site for plague victims, Tothill fields. A fire destroyed the palace in 1834. A medieval leper hospital, where St James palace is now. Buckingham palace. The palace of Westminster burnt down in 1834. One of London’s worst slums with brothels. The slums were cleared. (Family history monthly. March 2002 p49).

1834 – An introduction to poor law documents before 1834 2^nd edition Anne Cole.

1834-1900 – Workhouse admissions and discharges Stafordshire archivist. (Family tree. Sept 2010 UK)

1834-1929 – Paupers, destitute and the very poor. County record offices before 1834 Parishes, between 1835 and 1929 the poor law unions. (Family history monthly. August 2003).

18 March 1834 – Six farm workers from Dorset were to be transported to Australia. They tried to form a trade union. (Chch Star NZ. Today in history 18 March 2015).

16 October 1834 – In London the houses of parliament caught fire and many historic documents were burned. (Timeline internet).

18 May 1835 – Edgar Allan Poe married his 13 year old cousin Virginia Clemm. (Who do you think you are. May 2013 UK).

1836 – Nathan Rothschild, son of Mayer Amschel Rothschild, dies in London. His younger brother James took over the business. (Timeline internet).

1836-1870 – Record keeping. Many of TNA holdings were destroyed in World War Two. Tithe Act maps 1836-70 survey maps. TNA is the National archives. (Detectives of genealogy. Kathy Chater Anness ©2005 UK).

1836-1887 – history research and online newspapers. news.google.com/newspapers

the west Britain and Cornwall. newspapers.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com. (Who do you think you are. May 2014 UK).

1837 – Topographical dictionary of Ireland 1837. Early 19^th century ancestors before the great famine period. Samuel Lewis. (NZ society of genealogists inc. Nov-Dec 2011 p263).

1837 – Birth and death certificates England and Wales 1837-1969 Barbara Dixon.

1837 – The Victorian prison system between 1837 and 1900, there were more than 15 million prisoners. (Family tree. Sept 2010 UK)

1837 – One of the reasons for the civil registration in 1837 was to prevent the alteration of records, a common event on church registers of baptisms, marriage and burials. In these records there are alterations, additions and deletions, which could have been made by anyone at any time. Errors that could effect the identity of the person, their name for example. Their are many errors in marriage entries. (Family tree. Dec 2009 p86).

1837-1855 – The first births, marriages and deaths to be registered in a national system for England and Wales began in July 1837. Before this it was churches. In Scotland civil registration began in 1855. (Who do you think you are. Sept 2013 UK).

1837–2000 – Newspapers the Tuam Herald Ireland.

1838 – The poor law relief act of 1838 called for creation of administration areas called the poor law unions, PLU. To collect taxes for relief of the poor in Ireland. (NZ society of genealogists inc Nov-Dec 2011 p261 Geraldene O’Reilly).

28 April 1838 – William Pryor married Elizabeth Davey in Kenwyn Con England.

28 June 1838 – Queen Victoria was crowned in Westminster abbey. (AP 6/28/98 timeline internet).

20 January 1839 – James John Pryor was born at Helston Cornwall England.

5 February 1839 – Elizabeth Davey died in Helston Cornwall England.

1840 – A London anti-slavery convention was held. (Ancestry. July August 2007).

1840 – First postage stamps were issued. On the uniform penny postage and penny black postage stamps in 1840. (Family tree. Dec 2009 p14).

1840 – Auckland maritime museum NZ. Ancestors who came to NZ from the UK by ship from 1840’s onwards. The museum holds lists of ships passengers, poor immigrants, museums in every town in NZ. (p64 Writing your family history a NZ guide. Joan Rosier Jones ©1997).

1840-1850s – Liverpool 1840s, slavery was the trade of empire, mansion and slum, women and children beggars 1841 Liverpool population 250,000 census. Population Dec 1846 and June 1847 population 300,000 by poor Irish. By late 1950s 50% of the inmates of Rainhill asylum were Irish immigrants, cholera in 1852, slave owners, 1847 typhus. (The famine plot. Tim Pat Coogan ©2012).

15 Feb 1840 – The Socialist conspiracy. The Westmoreland gazette Kandel UK.

16 Feb 1840 – Chartist and Socialist press. The Star and London Brighton patriot.

21 Feb 1840 – House of lords. Lord Melbourne and Lord Normanby. Socialist system. The Essex standard. General advertiser Leichester.

23 Feb 1840 – Chronicles of Socialism. The Star London Brighton patriot.

18 April 1840 – Discussion on Socialism at Leicester. The Leicester Chronicle. General agricultural advertiser.

30 May 1840 – The Socialist congress. The liberator and mercantile upton tyre.

4 July 1840 – Proceedings, the Socialists. Manchester Courier Lancashire.

7 July 1840 – Proceedings against Socialist lecturers. The Morning Post London.

26 Sept 1840 – Socialists. The Morning Star London general advertiser.

1841 – S for Scotland. I for Ireland. The 1841 census is the earliest complete record for the UK, before civil registration. (Who do you think you are. Sept 2013 UK).

1841 – Cornwall census, archive CD books, Cornish records. (Family history monthly. March 2004 p73).

1841 – Anthony at Wendrow place Helston, was a fruiterer. In the 1841 census of Cornwall his wife Margaret had four children still living at home.

1841-45 – The first industrial school was in Aberdeen in 1841. It was run by Sheriff Watson for poor children, beggars. 185 children were policed for begging, and put into industrial schools. 75 children were collected. Only 4 of them could read. Sheriff Watson, juvenile vagrancy in Aberdeen. Early industrial schools were similar to Ragged schools, for poor children. (Who do you think you are. Sept 2013 UK).

1841-1881 – The population of Ireland between the census of 1841 and the census of 1881 declined to a level barely above half of what it had been, a catastrophe unique in Europe. (The great shame Irish. ©1998 Thomas Kenealy).

27 Feb 1841 – The Socialists. The Royal leamington spa Courier Lanckishire.

23 Aug 1841 – Socialists. The Morning Chronicle London.

20 Aug 1842 – Socialist colony in Hampshire Robert Owen. Manchester Courier Lancashire advertiser. Berkshire chronicle reading.

6 Sept 1842 – Socialist colony in Hampshire. Robert Owen. North Wales chronicle. Bangor.

10 Sept 1842 – The Socialist. The Leicester chronicle. Agriculture advertiser.

19 Dec 1842 – Socialist colony, nobility, gentry and clergy. Harmony Herald Hants. Hampshire Telegraph. Sussex Portsmouth.

24 Dec 1842 – The Socialist colony in Hampshire. The Sheffield Rotherham independent.

12 Jan 1843 – The Socialist. Bradford Observer. Halifax Huddersfield Keighley reporter.

1844 – British government scandal. The London Black Chamber was used to execute people, called spycraft. (BBC Antony Zurcher. 1 Nov 2013).

1844-1877 – There was a few charity schools in some towns in the 1830’s. For outcast destitute children. The Ragged school union 1844. In 1877 to 1908 finding employment for thousands of poor children. (Practical family history. August 2003 UK)

1845-46 – Spring, PM Sir Robert Peel’s legislation to phase out the corn laws. Which imposed tariffs on imported gain. It was Peel’s decision to reform the corn laws. Outbreak of famine in Ireland in 1845. Point is why was Ireland still exporting food to Britain? (History Today. March 2013 UK).

1845-1846 – Winter 1845-46 Ireland Full blown malnutrition and an accumulation of corpses in ditches and by hedges. The hospitals and poorhouses were full. (The great shame Irish. ©1998 Thomas Kenealy).

24 March 1845 – Socialist in Gorbals. Glasgow Herald Scotland.

1 April 1845 – Ms Martin the Socialist lecturer. The Belfast newsletter Ireland.

15 May 1845 – Extraordinary affray at a Socialist lecture. The Morning Post London.

16 May 1845 – Affray at a Socialist lecture. The Times London.

1 September 1845 – Catherine Jane Wasley was born in Gloucester GL England.

13 Sept 1845 – The Socialist estate at Tytherly. The Leeds Times.

19 Dec 1845 – The Socialist establishment at Orbiston. Glasgow Herald Scotland.

1846 – In Galway Ireland, there were 308 cases of typhus and yellow fever followed. (NZ Memories Dec Jan 2014).

1846-1851 – The propaganda of famine 26 July 1848 anti-Irish prejudice. Irish famine victims. UN convention on genocide, preventing births and forced transfers of children. 1846-1851 the post famine Fenian movement followed by the Irish republican brotherhood in the 1860s American emigrants. (The famine plot. Tim Pat Coogan ©2012).

1847 – Britain passed the Vagrancy Act to combat begging, as the potato famine swept Ireland. (AP 11/25/08 timeline internet).

1847 – Before 1847 in Liverpool and many cities and towns after that date. Private companies supplied water. These companies got their water from sewage contaminated wells, and in the case of London, from the sewage contaminated river Thames. ( Practical family history. July 2003 UK p15)

1847 – Lionel De Rothschild won the city of London seat in the 1847 general election. Rothschild was Jewish. (History Today June 2014 UK).

1847 – British black chamber. The secret dept of the post office, in 1847 this was exposed in a scandal. Interception of Italian Giuseppe Mazzini led to the closure of the secret dept. (GCHQ. Richard J Aldrich (c)2010 UK).

1847-48 – Each day in Skibbermeen the death cart went around picking up corpses of people who had died in alleyways, doorways or by the side of the road. By 1847 and 1848 the 130 workhouses were housing some 250,000 people. (Tim Pat Coogan. The famine plot ©2012).

1847-1912 – The Manchester collection, industrial school registers 1866-1912. Prison registers 1847-1881. Workhouse registers 1859-1911. (NZ society of genealogists in. Nov-Dec 2011 p252).

1847-2014 – Bygone newspapers. Bygonenews.com (History Today. July 2014 p67).

Feb 1847 – Skibbereen mass famine grave 8,000 or 12,000 victims. Both estimates have been given. The famine hit Skibbereen especially hard. The workhouse of some 104,000 people. By the end of the famine some 25,000 reported to have died and 8,000 have emigrated. (Tim Pat Coogan. The famine plot ©2012).

Feb – June 1847 – In late Feb and March 1847 nearly 3,000 people were dying each week in Irelands workhouses. In June 1847 an amendment was made to the poor law. But in Feb 1847 a new act of parliament, local relief committee to give (weak diluted), soup from premises outside the workhouses. (The great shame Irish. ©1998 Thomas Kenealy).

April 1847-March 1848 – The Skibbereen workhouse was supposed to house 800 people. At its peak in March 1848 it housed 2,500 people. Fermoy in Cork, recorded an average weekly death toll of 25 in April 1847. (Tim Pat Coogan The famine plot ©2012)

1848 – A paedophile was discovered. He was a solicitor. (Who do you think you are. Sept 2013 UK p34).

1848 – Elizabeth Strain was born in Ireland.

1848-1850 – The Earl Grey scheme. Irish famine memorial. Between 1848 and 1850 more than 4,000 female orphans emigrated. Australian historical records.

1 April 1848 – Meeting of the Socialists in London. The Northern Star Trades journal Leeds.

4 Nov 1848 – Military establishment and the Socialist movement. The Leicesteshire Mercury Midlands counties.

1849 – Catholic Sisters of Mercy. Wikipedia. Bishop Pompallier visits St Leo's convent in Carlow island. 8 left from St Leo's.

1849 – By Feb 1849 gruesome reports of starvation in Kenmare, Skibbereen, Dunmanway and Bantry. People were dying by the dozens in the streets of starvation. The cholera epidemic was sweeping Europe and North America in spring 1849 was also in Kenmare’s overcrowded workhouses, dysentery. The death toll in southwest Kern doubled, higher in 1849. (The famine plot. Tim Pat Coogan ©2012).

1849 – Feb 1849 in east Galway early months of 1849 a new epidemic of cholera as the famines final deft killer. By march 1849 it dropped people in their tracks. Peasant women wore clothes of shreds. Blankets and sheets were being pawned indicating a more advanced stage of distress. Cholera increased cremations. In June 1849 people in Irish workhouses 227,000 inmates, and close on 2 million people were already dead or emigrated. (The great shame ©1998 Thomas Kenealy).

1849 – Raper. Ship “Tasmania” Sydney. British born 1849. Aged 45 female.1 November 1894 Auckland NZ. (14 July 2013).

1849 – London UK to Otago NZ “Ajax” ship.

1849 – Water borne cholera killed about 14,000 people in London. (timeline internet).

1849 – Grace Stewart was born in Scotland.

21 November 1849 – Isabella Smith Nicol was born in Edinburgh MLN Scotland.

Mid 1800s – Civic burial grounds started to take over from church yards, as the main place of burial for much of the population. (Who do you think you are. May 2013 UK).

1850 – Secret society. Lord Nathaniel Rothschild. Alfred Milner. The Rothschild banking dynasty. Of 21 marriages of the descendants of Mayer Amschel Rothschild, the original family patron, 15 were between cousins. The house of Rothschild Jewish bankers. Lionel Rothschild 1850 a loan to Queen Victoria. Nathaniel was the richest man in the world. (Hidden history. Gerry Docherty. Jim Macgregor (c)2013 UK).

1850-51 – London lodging houses were for beggars, tramps, thieves and sex slaves. People who lived from hand to mouth on a daily basis. But were not reduced to the workhouse. In 1851 an outbreak of typhus fever in Leeds was traced to a lodging house, brothels and the destitute. (Who do you think you are. May 2014 UK).

1850-1866 – Reformatories in 1850, inmates of industrial schools, children who were forcibly detained. Scotland in 1854, begging and homeless children. Under age 14, industrial schools, child vagrancy 7 to 14 years in 1866. The Act, children found begging, orphans in 1866, industrial schools for inmates which had to keep records, registration of inmates. (Who do you think you are. Sept 2013 UK).

1850-1901 – The great Ormond street hospital in London 1852-1901, the oldest children’s hospital in Britain. In 1850 only 3% of the patients were children, but they accounted for over half the deaths. Staff studied the diseases of childhood. (Family history monthly. March 2002 p43-44).

26 March 1850 – A dialogue between a Wehig and a Socialist. Journal and Daily Dublin Ireland.

20 April 1850 – The Socialist candidate Eugene Sue. The Times London.

24 April 1850 – The Socialist orator. The Derby Mercury UK.

10 Aug 1850 – The gentleman Socialist. The Bristol Mercury UK.

1851 – National archives collect records of historical importance to preserve for the future public. Old records to collect and save. Archives online. Research guides. History libraries in the UK. LDS records. Industrial schools in 1851, a girl aged 6 or 7 was placed in the dock in Liverpool, for begging in the streets and sent to jail. (Who do you think you are. Sept 2013 UK).

1851 – The British census of 1851 shows that More than half the population were employed in industry. Manufacturing, mining etc. (History Today. May 2014 UK).

1851-1861 – The general alphabetical index to lands and towns, parishes and baronies of Ireland 1861. Census of Ireland 1851. (NZ society of genealogists inc. Nov-Dec 2011).

4 November 1851 – Edward William was born in Maldon Essex England.

30 July 1852 – The Socialist banquet in Jarratt street. The Hull Riding UK.

1853 – An act or law was passed making vaccination against smallpox compulsory. There was opposition to compulsory vaccinations. (Family tree. Sept 2010 p81).

1853 – The Vaccination act made it compulsory to vaccinate for smallpox. 1909-1927 vaccinations register. (Who do you think you are. p39 July 2014 UK).

1854 – Cholera epidemic that swept through Llangum village in Wales, it killed 62 people. (NZ genealogist Jan Feb 2011).

1854-1920s – Compulsory vaccination for smallpox in 1854. There were still unvaccinated children who got smallpox in Liverpool in the 1920s. Smugglers, slaves and slavers. (Practical family history. July 2003 p16).

1856 – The rise and progress of British opium smuggling the illegality. R Alexander.

1857 – Prisons. A paper on the Irish convict prison. London.

1857 – Matthew Davenport Hill. A paper on the Irish convict prisons. London.

1858-1867 – UK surgeon superintendents journals of convict ships. (NZ society of genealogists inc. Nov-Dec 2011).

27 Aug 1858 – The first cabled news dispatch was sent and published by the New York Sun. Peace deals by UK and France accepted by China. (Chch Star. Today in history p11).

12 Nov 1858 – Baptism entry for a Robert Serlesplace Winter. Residence workhouse a child found in Serles place 15 march about 3 weeks old. (Family tree. Dec 2009 p73).

1859 – Glasgow Scotland to Port Chalmers Otago NZ “Cheviot” ship.

1859 – The genealogy of the existing British peerage and baronage. Edmond Lodge.

1859 – Sarah Ann Chambers was born in New Basford England.

1859-1863 – Queen Victoria, her late husband, Prince Albert was German and her daughter Victoria married into the Prussian Royal family in 1859, through the Prince of Wales, had married with the Danish in 1863. (History Today. Aug 2014 UK)

1861 – Glasgow Scotland to Port Chalmers Otago New Zealand “Lady Egidia” ship.

1861 – The prejudice against Irish people in Britain. More than 800,000 Irish born in Britain in 1861. (Family history. August 2009 p80).

30 July 1861 – Paupers in workhouses, inmates. Trade me $14 and postage. 14 thousand names book

11 March 1864 – The Sheffield floods, the worst inland floods in British history and a storm. (Who do you think you are. July 2014 UK).

21 Oct 1864 – Fearful riots in Belfast. ODT NZ. Papers past.

1 Nov 1864 – Fearful riots in Belfast. Hawkes Bay Herald NZ. Papers past.

1866 – The legal system is motivated and controlled by money. The Howard league for penal reform, formed in the UK in 1866, it got its name from the 18^th century reformer John Howard. Tour of British jails, inquiry of prison conditions. (Peter Williams QC ©1997 NZ).

1866-1873 – Thomas Barnardo and poverty in London. In 1866 he started a charity Barnardos for orphans and poor people. A boys home in Stepney London in 1870 and a girls home at Banksingside Essex in 1873. (Detectives of genealogy. Kathy Chater Anness ©2005 UK).

1866-1905 – Poverty in the east end of London 1866, half starved, destitute children living on the streets. First Ragged school in 1867. First home for homeless boys 1870. By 1905 there were 96 Barnados homes caring for 8,500 children. (Practical family history. July 2003 p12).

30 May 1866 – Emily McNamara was born in Liverpool Lancashire England.

1867 – The Second Reform Act was passed, very poor men were not allowed to vote. (Who do you think you are. May 2014 UK).

1867-1892 – Masonic orphans boys school in Dublin. Masonic orphans boys school in Dublin Ireland.

1868 – The industrial schools and the poor orphans and abandoned children, run by a Christian religious order in Ireland. (A history of neglect The God squad).

1868-1920 – The trade union congress TUC was formed in Manchester in 1868. Most of its archives dealings with trade unions in other countries. (Family tree. Sept 2010 UK)

19 July 1868 – William Beesley was caretaker at St Johns Baptist church in Hulme Manchester when he died aged 37. He was poisoned by swallowing ammonia and Prussia acid, which is used for cleaning brass. Inquest records have not survived. Possibly murder. The church was demolished in 1952. (Who do you think you are. May 2013 Cathryn Duke Worsley).

1870 – Bribery and corruption. Influencing public opinion through the press. Control and manipulation. The British establishment. Landowners who ruled Britain for centuries. From 1870 onwards London was the center of Britain's money. International merchant banks. Rothschild and Baring. Jewish banking families. Rothschild and Sasoon. Powerful financiers. (Hidden history. Gerry Docherty. Jim Macgregor (c)2013 UK).

1 Oct 1870 – Postcards were first issued in the UK in 1870. The telephone was not yet widely available. A year after the Austrian government post office issued post cards. On the first day 575,000 post cards passed through the post office of the London HQ at St Martins le grand. (History Today. June 2013 UK).

14 October 1871 – Somerset John Sturmer male was born in Altrincham England.

1873 – David Livingstone was a Scottish missionary and an anti-slavery activist. His death was in 1873. Calls for slavery to be abolished and ravels to Africa. (History Today. April 2013 UK).

7 January 1873 – Mary Norris died in Heapham rectory Linc England.

1874 – London to Port Chalmers Otago New Zealand “Christian McAussand”, photo

1875 – From 1875 registration within 42 days of birth was compulsory. If no mans name was recorded, it may mean illegitimacy. (Who do you think you are. Sept 2013 UK).

1875 – The British association of the sovereign military order of Malta, BASMOM, was founded. The Knights of Malta. Catholic.

21 June 1875 – Ada Bee was born in Southwell Ntt England.

17 February 1876 – Arthur Watson was born in Nottingham Ntt England.

3 March 1876 – Frederick von Sturmer died in Kensington Mdx England.

1 May 1877 – Edward Williams and Sarah Ann Chambers were married, England.

1878 – Refugees and begging, alms for the poor. Brothels in the late 19^th century. The worst shipping disaster in known history was the Princess Alice Paddler of 1878. When more than 650 people died in the sinking disaster. (Who do you think you are. Sept 2013 UK).

1879-1950 – The public telephone service was introduced in 1879. But it was not until the 1950s that home phones became popular. British Telecom archives of the 1800s. (Who do you think you are. May 2013 UK).

1880 – Cures for poverty, sterilising mothers of illegitimate children. Homeless boys Dr Barnardos home. (Practical family history. July 2003 UK)

1880 – “Daffodils never hear” an account of the lives of a Cornish family in the 1880s based on their diaries, fathers emigration, work in silver mines Cornwall (Family history monthly. Jun 2008 UK).

4 Oct 1883 – The Christian youth boys brigade was founded in Glasgow. By the 1890s it had become international. William Alexander Smith. (Who do you think you are. May 2013 UK).

1884 – Access to archives A2A. 400 archives in the UK. Archive.org. By 1884 men in employment were allowed to vote. Women over 30 with property were allowed to vote in 1918. (Who do you think you are. July 2014 UK).

1884-1904 – The London society for the prevention of cruelty to children 1884. The first act was passed in 1889. In 1904 the act enabled them, to remove children from abusive or neglectful homes without police involvement. (Practical family history. July 2003).

1885 – Lord Nathaniel Rothschild. Lord Rosenberg. Earl Grey. Alfred Beit. Leander Starr Jameson. Alfred Milner. Cecil Rhodes. Bob Hawke. Bill Clinton. William Stead. Child abuse. Pall Mall Gazette 1885 London brothels sex slavery of children by paedophiles. Redinald Balliol Brett, Lord Ester. (Hidden history. Gerry Docherty. Jim Macgregor (c)2013 UK).

1885 – Poor children. The baptismal records of the foundling hospital are in TNA. Babies were renamed. A copy of records and the hospitals documents before 1885. In the London metro archives LMA. After 1885 the records remained with the Coram family establishment and are closed for 110 years. Foundlings. (Detectives of genealogy. Kathy Chater Anness ©2005 UK).

1887 – CJ Ribton Turner. A history of vagrants and vagrancy, beggars and begging.

1887 – The UK’s first directorate of military intelligence was set up in 1887, from the topographical and statistical departments of The War Office. Managing the British empire. (Empire of secrets. Calder Walton ©2013).

1887 – The Third Reform Act was passed. Just 60% of men over 21 were allowed to vote. The poor and Catholic men were still not allowed to vote. (Who do you think you are. May 2014 UK).

20 April 1888 – Archbishop Carr and the story of Ireland. NZ Tablet. Papers past.

13 Dec 1888 – A secret ceremony was held at Charles I tomb in Windsor castle. Attended by the future Edward VII. (History today. Feb 2014).

23 Jan 1889 – Election of a Socialist. London 19 Jan 1889. Te Aroha news. Papers Past NZ.

1890 – Robert Gilchrist and a 100 year old handwritten manuscript of Gilchrist family members in Scotland. James Cowan New Galloway died in 1890. (Who do you think you are. May 2013 UK).

1890-1899 – The Rothschild dynasty. Barings bank faced collapse in 1890, Nathaniel Rothschild headed the emergency committee of the Bank of England. His cousin was Baron de Rothschild. Bank of France gave 3 milion pounds in gold. Early 20^th century banks. J P Morgan, Barings and armament firms were fronts for the Rothschilds. Morgan and British, John Piermont Morgan went to a British school in Boston US. 1899 J P Morgan and the UK. (Hidden history. Gerry Docherty. Jim Macgregor (c)2013 UK).

15 Feb 1890 – Secret society. Cecil Rhodes. The money power. The secret elite meeting in Feb 1891. Lord Rothschild. Nathaniel Rothschild. Lord Ester. The British establishment. Kimberly diamond mines and the house of Rothschild. (Hidden history. Gerry Docherty. Jim Macgregor (c)2013 UK).

1891 – Census release, Cornwall, Nottinghamshire, Suffolk and Derbyshire. (Family history monthly. August 2003 p72).

1891 – A volunteer index for the 1891 census of Cornwall online. (Family tree. Sept 2010 UK).

1891 – A secret society of rich powerful men was created in London in 1891. World control. The secret elite. Boer war 1899-1902. Transvaal gold mines. British concentration camps in South Africa. 20,000 children died. A cabal of bankers a secret society. (Hidden history. Gerry Docherty. Jim Macgregor (c)2013 UK).

Feb 1891 – A secret society of international bankers and powerful unelected men. The establishment. Evidence of a secret cabal. Cecil Rhodes the South African millionaire. A secret elite establishment. Cecil Rhodes. William Stead. Lord Ester. The Rothschild banking dynasty. (Hidden history. Gerry Docherty. Jim Macgregor (c)2013 UK).

18 March 1891 – The British were linked to the continent, (Europe), by telephone. (Chch Star NZ. Today in history.y 18 March 2015).

11 May 1892 – The Windsor murder. NZ Herald. Papers past.

10 June 1896 – Amelia Dyer killed babies and children she was paid to care for. Hanged for her crimes in June 1896. Aliases were used by Dyer, a baby farmer and murderer. Born in Bristol in 1837 Dyer starved and overdosed children with opium. On 22 May 1896 Amelia Dyer was at the Old Bailey, charged with murder. Hanged at Newgate prison on 10 June 1896. She killed between 20 and 200 children and babies. (History Today June 2014 UK).

4 Aug 1896 – The Socialist Congress in London. Evening Post. Papers Past NZ.

1898 – Sheila Padder’s great grandfather died in 1898, in a Welsh mental prison, of paralysis. He died in the mental prison not long after his admission, forced there against his will. (Who do you think you are. P8 Sept 2014 UK).

1898-1904 – Archival storage. CDs and DVDs. The Catholic children’s society archives, care homes and nuns. Children born at the Holborn workhouse . (Who do you think you are. May 2014 UK).

1899 – Thomas Holmes and the police in London. Homeless women with no home and no clothes. (Who do you think you are. May 2013 UK).

1899 – A statue of Oliver Cromwell was set up outside the house of parliament UK. It was paid for by the liberal Lord Rosebery. (History Today. Sept 2013 UK).

June 2015

Saturday, June 20, 2015

UK 286 to 1899 research

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